The Problem And Review Of Related Literature And Studies

IntroductionThe expend of apothecarys shop has gradually improved over the come through few years, from the conventional use, long-suffering counseling to dispensing automation, the practice continue to mature to a greater extent(prenominal) government agency to deliver cost-efficient pharmaceutic distribute and facilitate the reduction of medical specialty errors in all aspects of health c atomic number 18. Interestingly, angiotensin converting enzyme of the implicates that was implemented is the course of muse called Tele apothecarys shop. This program is currently practiced in sexual union Dakota, capital letter and Australia.Tele pharmaceutics is defined as the physical exertion of state-of-the-art telecommunication engineering science by the pill pushers to be equal to(p) to provide pharmaceutical c ar to diligents at a distance. (Khatri, 2006). Factors associated with the impeding of role pharmaceutical service in outback(a) communities are g eographic barriers, lack of avail able pharmacists geting on inappropriate towns, distance of the pharmacies, financial issues and unavailability of the medicines, which go out be sufficiently communicate by implementing the tele apothecarys shop.Several studies have also concluded that limited pharmacist hours adversely have-to doe with the theatrical roles that pharmacists tooshie make to medication safety in countrified hospitals. (M. Casey et al. , 2008). With the implementation of Telepharmacy, pitch shot of 24-hours pharmaceutical service lead be intercommunicate. As telecommunication being an inwrought part of effectual exchange of learning, its applications programme to the practice of dispensing medical discipline poses a valuable contribution to the stadium of pharmaceutics, paving an otherwise means to effective slant of pharmaceutical care to unhurrieds at a distance.With the modernization and growing complexity of medicines being heart-to-heart of cu ring, mitigating and treating disease, the need for the Pharmacists becomes more evident to ensure the safe and cost-effective persona of it. Since the Telepharmacy program is commensurate of ontogeny remedy access to a more efficient health care wherever the patients are, adequate attention moldiness be employed to the program and the readiness of community pharmacists for the program must be established. With Telepharmacists being the champions performing complete medicine utilization reexamineson the patient medication profile and performing the mandatory patient education steering to patients over the phone, the readiness of the community pharmacist on the task is stainifi rai commemo locate to the effective implementation of the Telepharmacy (C. Peterson, H. Anderson et al. 2004). Even though pharmacists are not physically present in their area, patients coffin nail access consultation with a registered pharmacist and get their prescription verified through video co nferencing (Riley, 2010).Enabling dispensing of medication via telepharmacy go forth increase access to more pharmacy service by more patients. By telepharmacy, the problems and restrictions pertaining to medication counseling by Pharmacists exit be addressed even in the most urgent time and situations. The readiness of the Registered Pharmacists for the program will lead to the accomplishment of the Telepharmacy in the country since it will eventually mean that the goals that were set up for were attained, the intended purposes were met and generally produced a unfluctuating impression or response from the clients. clear pharmacists provide traditional pharmacy services, including medicate utilization review, prescription verification, and patient counseling to a remote localise via telepharmacy engineering. Retaining the active role of the pharmacist helps assure the spoken communication of safe, high timbre pharmacy services that can be at risk when the pharmacist is left out as in the case of internet and mail-order pharmacies.(Peterson, 2004) The researchers accept that in pursuing this study, the awareness of the public and captain-a equal on the tremendous contribution of Telepharmacy which is fully practiced in other countries in facilitation of whole step pharmaceutical care will be raised considerably. And along with the idea that Telepharmacy funks whatsoever workable medication errors, with Pharmacists giving counsel on the phone, the practice of Pharmacy in the country will be improved which will root to its full implementation in the Philippine setting therefore grade the pharmacists role as more crucial to the health care of the Filipinos.The evaluation of the readiness of the Pharmacist will be stepping pock to prove that the Telepharmacy program can be carried out undefeatedly in the country. With this study, the possibility of the practice of Telepharmacy in Philippine setting will be determined and assessed, which will rend er it as a proof for the service to be utilized more in the country for more effective drug information dissemination. Review of Related LiteratureTelepharmacy has the potential to improve the quality of pharmaceutical care and decrease medication errors and adverse drug events in small country-bred hospitals. However, because telepharmacy is relatively unsanded, there is little literature in peer-reviewed journals. (M. Casey, et al, 2008). In other countries, the implementation of Telepharmacy in dispensing drug information to patients at a distance is being greatly utilized due to its massive usefulness on amend the practice of Pharmacy and they were even able to develop various models of the service.In the US, there are two models of telepharmacy North Dakota Telepharmacy and Washington State Model, employing pharmacists giving instructions to the technicians via a video-conferencing affiliation and pharmacists activating impulsive dispensing system from the base web site to be dispensed by an received personnel at the remote site, respectively. Australia also developed a coarse Clinic Model of Telepharmacy that permits non-pharmacist professionals to render the pharmaceutical services. In all the models of telepharmacy aforementioned, the dispensing stage are all divided into 5 steps 1.) Prescription 2. ) Prescription accession and Verification 3. ) Dispensing Process 4. ) Dispensing Verification and 5. ) Patient Counseling, with the latter being through with(p) by the pharmacists as required in all the three models (M. Kimber, et al, 2006) agree to a recent cost-benefit study conducted by Westerlund and Marklund (2009) in Sweden, when pharmacists are tangled in primary care, out of 151 patients used in the study, 68 patients (13%) were saved from drug related problems and 16 patients (3%) were saved from future hospitalizations.Quality pharmaceutical services have been described as dispensing, supply and distribution of medicines provision o f familiarity and information about drugs, with the primary objective being the promotion and confidence of quality use of medicines (QUM) and provision of pharmaceutical care, which involves pharmacists responding to patients drug-related needs to assist them succeed their desired health outcomes. (M. Kimber, et al, 2006).The fact that the Telepharmacy service permits delivery of effective pharmaceutical care to more patients at a distance, this contribution will offering greater edge on the practice of Pharmacy as a whole and is consistent with the main goal of the practice which is pharmacists being an indispensable part of the health care system as the experts in drug use. In addition to the contribution of telepharmacy to the practice, it also offers significant advantage on the health care system on its ability to provide workers in more remote settings.The main aim of tele-pharmacies is to provide maximum coverage in areas with few pharmacies and increase the revenue fo r pharmacy operators (Riley, 2010). Telepharmacy arrangements have been proposed as a way for smaller inelegant hospitals with limited pharmacist coverage to obtain additional pharmacist resources (Lordan, Vorhees, and Richards, 2002 Peterson et al, 2007). Since half of the Philippine population lives in rural and remote communities, this calls for immediate attention on providing adequate and quality pharmaceutical care in the said locations.According to the Report of the Commision on the hereafter Care in Canada by Romanow (2002), telepharmacy, as part of telehealth, is considered as a mechanism for improving access to health care services for rural and remote communities. The telepharmacy is equipped with video cameras so that the pharmacy technician can be supervised by a registered pharmacist. The location of the remote pharmacy is ofttimes linked to central pharmacy software to make this process hamper and ensure timely and correct delivery (Riley, 2010).With the dynamic an d transitional amelioration of the telecommunication technology in present time, the counseling of pharmacists to patients at a distance will be delivered with ease and convenience. Adoption of telepharmacy has been slow, but the intersection point of available technology and renewed interest in a new pharmacy practice model has created a unique set of mickle that may present the perfect opportunity for telepharmacy.(Fahrni, 2012) Telepharmacy significantly offers advantage on addressing medication queries through echo by eliminating all barriers of communication when it comes to discussion of personal and confidential issues of the patients. According to the study of Louderback (2007), situations such as change of location two to five hours for appointments is not only time consuming, but costly influence patients decisions to approach treatments. This is one of the reasons why treatments results in poorer control of invete outrank health condition especially to the elderly people living in the remote towns.Research also confirms that economic pressures and geographic barriers are difficulties that rural elders reflection when they seek to obtain prescription medications (Collins, 2007). It obviously calls for the fact that there is a need for telepharmacy to improve the management of chronic conditions and reduce the expenditures required to glamour patients for medication treatment, especially those who incurred drug related problems. Given the numerous factors that the telepharmacy can addressed when it is widely implemented, any possible medication errors will be avoided accordingly.In the Philippines, the practice of Telepharmacy is not widely telld due to various factors that affect the successful operation of the service, plus the fact that the country is still faraway from the full implementation of the service. However, the Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore has proposed some guidelines which can be followed in order to successfully opera te a Telepharmacy service. The proposed set of guidelines provide the framework for implementation of telepharmacy service designed to restore and restrain retail and hospital pharmacy services in remote rural communities that are located in medically underserved areas.Telepharmacy services produce the corresponding quality of pharmacy services as the traditional mode of delivery and provide additional value-added features that are not found with traditional pharmacy practice. (C. Peterson, H. Anderson et al. 2004) Having been studied pharmacy modifys one to develop many skills. Some of these skills and abilities are specific to the role of a pharmacist. Skills are the ability wherein individual uses his noesis efficaciously in doing something. Practice is an act of applying to campaign out to work repeatedly to be proficient or to be professionally prosecute (Merriam Webster, 1995).Synthesis Methods of giving information have been a trend in developing countries. There was o nce a state in America which started to recognize the use of telepharmacy. The North Dakota Telepharmacy Project was established in 2002 for the purpose of restoring, retaining, or establishing pharmacy services in medically underserved rural communities through the use of telepharmacy technology. Telepharmacy offers a pharmacist/business owner the opportunity to expand the professional and financial sides to their operation. (Boudjouk) According to the comparison study of D.Friesner, et al (2011) on the rate of medication error incurred in a remote pharmacy site that utilizes telepharmacy and community pharmacies that do not adopt the technology, greater use of technology has the potential to reduce medication errors. Advancement in computer technology, videoconferencing, and juncture over IP (VoIP) technology, ubiquitous internet access, and mobile computing will make the use of telepharmacy simpler than ever before. Combined with improvements in pharmacy automation and pharmacy technician practice, the use of telepharmacy as a tool to help pass on a new practice model has become a reality.(Fahrani, 2009) In agreement with the previous study of D. Friesner, et al, the researchers indeed believe that facilitation of telepharmacy in the delivery of pharmaceutical services will contribute to the reduction of medication error. However, the proposed study aims to determine whether Community Pharmacists in the Philippines are ready to deliver and practice the standard North Dakota Telepharmacy Program. Previous studies were solely devoted to determining the rate of medication error of two pharmacy sites, with or without telepharmacy.The proposed study will be focusing on the crucial participation of pharmacists to raise the sufferance level for Telepharmacy in the Philippines as mean to deliver efficient pharmaceutical service to patients at a distance. Rendering the registered pharmacists ready for the facilitation of telepharmacy will enable a quality telepha rmacy to be delivered, equating to a quality traditional pharmacy only with the use of communication technologies to patients at a distance. Fahrani and Boudjouk studies showed how telepharmacy can make a difference in the practice of pharmacy. The studies also include how telepharmacy works in the community.Advancement of technology helps the development of the pharmacy practice. The researchers study will evaluate the skills of a registered pharmacists based on the skills that a telepharmacist must have in order to deliver efficient telepharmacy service. Pharmacists work within a code of professional ethics that encompasses their relationship with other pharmacists, other health professionals and the public. A well-developed sense of responsibility is essential and an ability to communicate effectively with other health professionals and the general public is important.Pharmacists just need skills that helps in improving patients quality health care. A licensed pharmacist shall d o their tasks and responsibilities. A professional, technical and communication skills are essential to be able to deliver a better service. Pharmacist must make patients homely with the Telepharmacy technology prior to receiving services. Pharmacists need to work on changing patient expectations and behaviors related to mandatory patient education counseling so that patients intoxicate to expect it as a routine part of pharmacy practice regardless of the mode of delivery.Patient interaction with the pharmacist is important that just mean that patient is learning in the counselling process, which is a good sign afterwards there will be compliance. (Peterson and Anderson, 2004). abstract Framework The fast-paced, dynamical and exciting technology has created a new thinking in Pharmacy. Telepharmacy is one of the outputs of technology. With telepharmacy information can be delivered to patients at high-speed.Needless to say, the application of telepharmacy in other countries has gr eatly improved the internal operations of counselling making it possible for clients to develop their knowledge and gain services more quickly and reduce internal costs. Establishing the perception of the community pharmacists themselves on the development of the Telepharmacy program to better accommodate patients from afar and give them optimum access on what the pharmacy has to offer regardless of the distance will be regarded as one of the aspects to consider for the full implementation of the program.A pharmacist who believes on the goals of the Telepharmacy is important for its successful implementation and therefore will improve the efficiency of the healthcare to underserved areas. more than the aim to gain competitive advantage, telepharmacy is an effective way to minimize medication errors, cope with a small number of pharmacists in a country. Telepharmacy is genuinely an ideal method of counselling which is difficult to achieve in its totality. However, Pharmacy boards c ommission must take actions to transform the ideal to a reality. Conceptual Paradigm of StudyStatement of the Problem This study aims to describe the perception of community pharmacists on their own skills as being prepared to deliver the Telepharmacy service. The researchers will gain data through the use of questionnaires in which various queries will be addressed. Specifically, the following questions will be answered 1. What is the community pharmacists best definition of Telepharmacy? 2. What are the requirements needed in order to operate a Telepharmacy service? 3. How do the community pharmacists perceive their own readiness for Telepharmacy? 3.1 Professional Skills 3. 2 practiced Skills 3. 3 Communication Skills 4. What other ways can the program be developed? 5. What is the relationship between the demographic profile of the pharmacist and their skills? 5. 1 Age 5. 2 Gender 5. 3 Civil status surmisal Medicinal compliance of patients increases with the utilization of effe ctive telepharmacy service delivered by Pharmacists capable of successfully carrying out the procedures of the program. Accordingly, Telepharmacy will pave a way for a much(prenominal) more systemic & effective drug information dispensing to patients at a distance.Significance of Study By gaining a better soul on the pharmacists own perception on their skills being ready for the delivery of Telepharmacy, it will greatly aid the utilization of this service in improving the practice of Pharmacy in the Philippines by establishing Pharmacists as crucial for optimal health care delivery. Pharmacists will be regarded as a much more indispensable part of health care since their knowledge in drug information will be available at a distance through Telepharmacy.This program also poses an advantage in addressing the deficiency of pharmacists in remote towns as well as the various factors associated with the hindering of successful facilitation of quality pharmaceutical services such as geographical barriers, transportation, availability of medicines, etc. Scope and Delimitation of Study In this study, the researchers would like to determine the community pharmacists self-evaluation of their skills necessary to deliver an efficient Telepharmacy and therefore efficient healthcare service to the patients regardless of their distance.The study is limited to the community pharmacists practicing in the city of Las Pinas. It will also determine the pharmacists perception on what Telepharmacy actually is and what they think composes a Telepharmacy program. Definition of Terms Telepharmacy the provision of drug information to patients at a distance by the use of telecommunication technology. Licensed Pharmacist A pharmacist who has completed the full program of education, and has passed a state licensing examination.Remote Site a full service pharmacy staffed by a registered pharmacy technician with access by computer, audio and video link to a licensed pharmacist at a central pharmacy site while open. The remote site is analogous to originating site, where the patient is located. Central Site refers to a Pharmacy with a registered pharmacist, who is trained to carry out dispensing of P medicines and POM via telepharmacy. Telepharmacist a Licensed Pharmacist who review medication orders, oversees dispensing of the pharmacy assistants and facilitates patient counselling remotely through telephone and other communication technologies.